2024-04-06
[[Edward Hallet Carr-What Is History_-Vintage (1967).pdf]]
history is science?
๊ฐ์ธ, ์ฌํ, ํ์ฌ์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ํ
-> ๋ฏธ๋ ๋ชฉํ, value,
highlighting certain aspects of a startup's journeyโsuccesses, failures, strategic decisions, and pivotsโto inform and guide current and future entrepreneurs and investors.
-> finance (goal)
objective history
-> subjectivity
๋น๋๋, ๋น๊ณผํ, ๋น์ญ์ฌ?
๊ณผํ์ ์ํ (circular reciprical; ๊ฒฝํ์๋ฃ - ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ; "์ ํ"ํ๊ณ ๋ถ์, induction)
induction, falsify
F, ๊ธฐ์ต์ ์๊ณก (์ทจํฉ); ๊ณผํ์ด ์ ์น์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ (๋ฌผ์ง์ ๊ด์ฑ์ ์ธ ์ด๋), ๋ถ ์ถ์ ()
์ฌ๋๊ณต์, ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์ (๊ณผํ์ ์ธ)
methodological,
์๋์ ๊ฐ์ฑ,
positive statement is one that can establish hypotheses that can be empirically tested. In contrast, a normative statement is instead based on opinion or subjective values.
| Aspect | Carr's Historical Interpretation | Nietzsche's รbermensch |
| -------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| **Nature of Reality** | - Historical reality is subjective <br>- shaped by historianโs interpretation | - reality is subjective<br>- shaped by individual will and power to create personal values |
| **Role of Individuals** | - Historians are products of their time<br>- their work reflects the society they live in | - รbermensch transcends societal norms <br>- creates his own values and reality. |
| **Environment (society, historical )** | influence historianโs perspective and narratives | something to be overcome by รbermensch |
| **Truth** | shaped by historianโs perspective | what รbermensch can redefine |
| **Objective** | understand history as dialogue between the past and present | overcome human limitations and societal constraints to achieve a higher state |
| Values | interpretations are influenced by the prevailing morals and values of the historianโs time | constraints that รbermensch must transcend |
- startup: carr -> ๋์ฒด
-
Carrโs approach to history emphasizes the subjective and constructed nature of historical understanding, deeply influenced by societal context and the historian's perspective. In contrast, Nietzscheโs รbermensch is an ideal that challenges societal norms and traditional values, striving to create a personal reality and value system that goes beyond the conventional or historical.
- ์ข
๊ต,
์ฟค: ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์ shift (๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฐ์ด ์๋๋ผ, ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ์์ด๊ณ ; ์ฃฝ์ผ๋ฉด ์๋ก์ด ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ํ๋์; ) - immortal (์ฌ๋)
- reward prediction error (๋ํ๋ฏผ์ด ์ด๊ฑธ ์ธ์ฝ๋ฉ: ) - desired and current; ๋๋จธ์ง ๋
ผ๋ฌธ๋ค์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ ํ๋ ธ๋ค (ucsf: ๋ฒ ์ด์ฆ); ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์ ์ํผํธ (์ฌ์์)
![[Pasted image 20240331105129.png|500]]
- ์ง๋ณด?
- ์ํ?
- ์ํ vs ์ํธ; ์ํ vs ์ง๋ณด?
- ์ง๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ง์กฑ๋๋ก ์ ์: ์ํ
- value (truth) VS money; mortality rate vs life expectancy,
- 1930 ์๋๋ฒํ -> ์ ์ฐ๋ค (๊ทน์ข, ๊ทน์ฐ,)
- ์ ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์๊ฐ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋๊ฐ (1. ์ํฐ ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์; ๋งน์ - ์ ์ฑ
, 2. )
- m&a valuation, (์ ์๊ตญ๊ฐ; ํด์์์๊น)
- $ determines time (๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์)
- ๋ (์ญ์ฌ, ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ญ์ฌ, ์ค์ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐ)
- ๊ฐ์น์๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ฉด, ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ธ๋ค -> i) ์ด๋ ต๊ฒ ์ป์๊ฒ; ๋ช
ํ ii) self-fulfiling (endowment effect)
- ์ฐ์ฐ, ํด๋ ์ดํํธ๋ผ์ ์ฝ (์ฝ๊ฐ ๋ฎ์๋ค๋ฉด ์ญ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ณ?); a, b ์ฐ์ฐ์ด ์์ (์ด๋งค - ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ธ ์ญํ x); ์ฐฝ๋ฐ,
- fooled by randomness (๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ด ์ด์ ์ํฅ); randomness, uncertainty, noise, risk,
- ๋นํธ์ฝ์ธ (์ ๋
; ๋ฒกํฐ ๋ฐ๋๋ฐฉํฅ)
- ์ฐ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํ๋๊ฒ ์ ๋
, ๊ฒธ์๊ณผ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก (์ฑ์ทจ๋ฅผ ์ฐ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ณผ๊ฑด๊ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์ญํ ) ์ด๋งค vs ์ฐ์ฐ ๊ฒฐ์
- ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์งง์ผ๋๊น ์ฐ์ฐ (์ ๋นํ ์ ๋์ ์ฐ์ฐ์ ์ปจํธ๋กค, ์ปจํธ๋กค๋ฌ๋น๋ฆฌํฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฐ์ฐ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ ์ปค์ง๋?)
- ์คํธ๋กํผ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ์ (๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ); ๋ฌด์ง์๋ ์ด๋๋์ด ์ปค์ - ์์ธก์ด๋ ค์ (์๊ทนํ๋ ์ฌํด์ง; ๋๊ณผ ์ค์ ์ ๋๊ฐ ์ปค์ง)
- ์ฃผ๊ด์ ์๊ทนํ๋ ์ปค์ง
- ์๋: 6๊ฐ์, 6๊ฐ์
- ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์์ ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฑธ "change", ์ด์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋๋๋๊ฑฐ ์๋๊ฐ์? (python library import ...)
- ๋ฌ์์ ๋๋ฏผ (์ข
๊ต์ ๋
) - 1917 (์๋์ ์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฒคํธ)
- ๋ณํ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค๋ ์ก์
์ด ์๋๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ,