2024-04-06 [[Edward Hallet Carr-What Is History_-Vintage (1967).pdf]] history is science? ๊ฐœ์ธ, ์‚ฌํšŒ, ํ˜„์žฌ์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™” -> ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ, value, highlighting certain aspects of a startup's journeyโ€”successes, failures, strategic decisions, and pivotsโ€”to inform and guide current and future entrepreneurs and investors. -> finance (goal) objective history -> subjectivity ๋น„๋„๋•, ๋น„๊ณผํ•™, ๋น„์—ญ์‚ฌ? ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์ˆœํ™˜ (circular reciprical; ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž๋ฃŒ - ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ; "์„ ํƒ"ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„, induction) induction, falsify F, ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์™œ๊ณก (์ทจํ•ฉ); ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์ •์น˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ (๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ด€์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™), ๋ถ€ ์ถ•์  () ์‚ฌ๋†๊ณต์ƒ, ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ (๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ) methodological, ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐ์„ฑ, positive statement is one that can establish hypotheses that can be empirically tested. In contrast, a normative statement is instead based on opinion or subjective values. | Aspect | Carr's Historical Interpretation | Nietzsche's รœbermensch | | -------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | **Nature of Reality** | - Historical reality is subjective <br>- shaped by historianโ€™s interpretation | - reality is subjective<br>- shaped by individual will and power to create personal values | | **Role of Individuals** | - Historians are products of their time<br>- their work reflects the society they live in | - รœbermensch transcends societal norms <br>- creates his own values and reality. | | **Environment (society, historical )** | influence historianโ€™s perspective and narratives | something to be overcome by รœbermensch | | **Truth** | shaped by historianโ€™s perspective | what รœbermensch can redefine | | **Objective** | understand history as dialogue between the past and present | overcome human limitations and societal constraints to achieve a higher state | | Values | interpretations are influenced by the prevailing morals and values of the historianโ€™s time | constraints that รœbermensch must transcend | - startup: carr -> ๋‹ˆ์ฒด - Carrโ€™s approach to history emphasizes the subjective and constructed nature of historical understanding, deeply influenced by societal context and the historian's perspective. In contrast, Nietzscheโ€™s รœbermensch is an ideal that challenges societal norms and traditional values, striving to create a personal reality and value system that goes beyond the conventional or historical. - ์ข…๊ต, ์ฟค: ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ shift (๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์ด๊ณ ; ์ฃฝ์œผ๋ฉด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์„œ; ) - immortal (์‚ฌ๋žŒ) - reward prediction error (๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์ด ์ด๊ฑธ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ: ) - desired and current; ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค (ucsf: ๋ฒ ์ด์ฆˆ); ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์‹œํ”ผํŠธ (์‰ฌ์›Œ์„œ) ![[Pasted image 20240331105129.png|500]] - ์ง„๋ณด? - ์ˆœํ™˜? - ์ˆœํ™˜ vs ์ƒํ˜ธ; ์ˆœํ™˜ vs ์ง„๋ณด? - ์ง„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋กœ ์ •์˜: ์ˆœํ™˜ - value (truth) VS money; mortality rate vs life expectancy, - 1930 ์›Œ๋žœ๋ฒ„ํ• -> ์ž˜ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค (๊ทน์ขŒ, ๊ทน์šฐ,) - ์™œ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ (1. ์•ˆํ‹ฐ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜; ๋งน์  - ์ •์ฑ…, 2. ) - m&a valuation, (์‹ ์ƒ๊ตญ๊ฐ€; ํด์ˆ˜์žˆ์„๊นŒ) - $ determines time (๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—) - ๋‡Œ (์—ญ์‚ฌ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ, ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ) - ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค -> i) ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ์–ป์€๊ฒƒ; ๋ช…ํ’ˆ ii) self-fulfiling (endowment effect) - ์šฐ์—ฐ, ํด๋ ˆ์–ดํŒŒํŠธ๋ผ์˜ ์ฝ” (์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€?); a, b ์šฐ์—ฐ์ด ์ƒ์‡„ (์ด‰๋งค - ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์—ญํ•  x); ์ฐฝ๋ฐœ, - fooled by randomness (๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ด ์šด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ); randomness, uncertainty, noise, risk, - ๋น„ํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ (์‹ ๋…; ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฐฉํ–ฅ) - ์šฐ์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์‹ ๋…, ๊ฒธ์†๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ (์„ฑ์ทจ๋ฅผ ์šฐ์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ๊ฑด๊ฐ€๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์˜ ์—ญํ• ) ์ด‰๋งค vs ์šฐ์—ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ • - ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ์งง์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์šฐ์—ฐ (์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์ •๋„์˜ ์šฐ์—ฐ์€ ์ปจํŠธ๋กค, ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๋Ÿฌ๋นŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šฐ์—ฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ปค์ง€๋‚˜?) - ์•คํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์„œ (๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ฐœ์ „); ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œ๋„ ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ปค์„œ - ์˜ˆ์ธก์–ด๋ ค์›€ (์–‘๊ทนํ™”๋Š” ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง; ๋“๊ณผ ์‹ค์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง) - ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๋Š” ์ปค์ง - ์‹œ๋Œ€: 6๊ฐœ์›”, 6๊ฐœ์›” - ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฑธ "change", ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š”๊ฑฐ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€์š”? (python library import ...) - ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋†๋ฏผ (์ข…๊ต์‹ ๋…) - 1917 (์‹œ๋Œ€์ •์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ) - ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์•ก์…˜์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ ,