# Paper U: Vague Promise and Venture Growth ## Table of Contents with Abstract, Figures, Tables **Source of Truth:** `[[๐Ÿ“ขBULLETIN]]` **Registry:** `[[๐Ÿ—„๏ธREGISTRY]]` --- ## ๐Ÿ“œ ABSTRACT When is vagueness valuable despite signaling theory's precision prescription? Analyzing **408,784 technology ventures** across four industries, we document a robust **U-shaped relationship** between promise vagueness ($V$) and long-term survival. Contrary to the monotonic prediction of signaling theory, we find that both highly precise and highly vague promises outperform intermediate positioningโ€”the "Murky Middle" shows the lowest survival rates. We propose an **audience segmentation mechanism**: "Analyst" investors verify precise claims (optimal at Low $V$), while "Believer" investors project their own vision onto abstract promises (optimal at High $V$). The Murky Middle fails because it is too vague for Analysts to verify yet too specific for Believers to project. Our Modal $V$ (=87.5) group exhibits the highest commitment trap rate at **25.6%**, compared to just **9.5%** for High-$V$ ventures. These findings establish boundary conditions for signaling theory and provide actionable guidance: founders should **choose a playbook**, not tune a dialโ€”commit fully to either the Analyst or Believer channel, never the murky middle. **Keywords:** Strategic Ambiguity, Signaling Theory, Audience Segmentation, U-Shape, Venture Growth --- ## ๐Ÿ“‘ TABLE OF CONTENTS ### Section 1: Introduction (ยถ11-17) โ†’ File: `[[section1(u)]]` | ยถ | Role | First Sentence | |:-:|:-----|:---------------| | 11 | ๐Ÿ“ฟ ๋ณต์Œ | ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์•ฝ์†์ด ์ •๋ณด ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์„ ์ค„์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค (Spence 1973). | | 12 | ๐Ÿงฉ ํผ์ฆ | ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 408,784๊ฐœ ๋ฒค์ฒ˜ ์ค‘ **U์žํ˜• ํŒจํ„ด**: ๊ทน๋‹จ์ด ์ƒ์กด, ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง. | | 13 | ๐Ÿ˜ฎ RQ | ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ •๋ฐ€์„ฑ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  **๋ชจํ˜ธํ•จ์ด ์–ธ์ œ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?** | | 14 | ๐Ÿ”Ž ๋ Œ์ฆˆ | ์ฒญ์ค‘ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜: Analyst vs Believer. | | 15 | ๐Ÿ˜† ํ•ด๋ฒ• | ๋‘ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ: ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ Analyst ์ฑ„๋„ vs ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ Believer ์ฑ„๋„. | | 16 | ๐Ÿ—บ๏ธ ์ธ์ ‘ | Guzman & Stern (2020), Cao et al.๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ . | | 17 | ๐Ÿ—„๏ธ ๋กœ๋“œ๋งต | 2์ ˆ ์ด๋ก , 3์ ˆ ์‹ค์ฆ, 4์ ˆ ๋…ผ์˜. | ### Section 2: Theory (ยถ18-26) โ†’ File: `[[section2(u)]]` | ยถ | Role | First Sentence | |:-:|:-----|:---------------| | 18 | ๋ฌธํ—Œ: ์‹ ํ˜ธ | Spence (1973)์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ด๋ก  โ€” Hโ‚€: ์ •๋ฐ€์„ฑ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ข‹๋‹ค. | | 19 | ๋ฌธํ—Œ: ๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ | Eisenberg (1984)์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋…. | | 20 | ๋ฌธํ—Œ: ์˜ต์…˜ | Bolton & Faure-Grimaud (2010)์˜ ์‹ค๋ฌผ์˜ต์…˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ. | | 21 | ๊ฐญ | ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฌธํ—Œ์€ ์ •๋ฐ€๋„-์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„ **๋‹จ์กฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„**๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ •. | | 22 | ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜: Analyst | Analyst ํˆฌ์ž์ž: ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ†’ ๋‚ฎ์€ V ์„ ํ˜ธ. | | 23 | ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜: Believer | Believer ํˆฌ์ž์ž: ํˆฌ์˜ โ†’ ๋†’์€ V ์„ ํ˜ธ. | | 24 | ๊ณ„๋ณด: Bolton | sโ‚‚ โ†” V์˜ ๋™ํ˜• ๋งคํ•‘. | | 25 | ๋ชจ๋ธ | G = ฮฑ + ฮฒโ‚V + ฮฒโ‚‚Vยฒ โ€” U์žํ˜• ์˜ˆ์ธก. | | 26 | ๊ฐ€์„ค | Hโ‚€: ฮฒGV < 0 vs Hโ‚: ฮฒโ‚‚ > 0. | ### Section 3: Empirics (ยถ27-37) โ†’ File: `[[section3(u)]]` | ยถ | Role | First Sentence | Asset | |:-:|:-----|:---------------|:------| | 27 | ๋งฅ๋ฝ | PitchBook ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ, 2005-2023. | | | 28 | ํ‘œ๋ณธ | **N = 408,784** ๋ฒค์ฒ˜ (4๊ฐœ ์‚ฐ์—…). | | | 29 | DV | ์„ฑ์žฅ(G) = Series C ์ด์ƒ ๋„๋‹ฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€. | | | 30 | IV | ๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ(V) = ์‹œ์žฅ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ํญ [0-100]. | | | 31 | ํ†ต์ œ | ์‚ฐ์—…, ์„ค๋ฆฝ์—ฐ๋„, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ. | | | 32 | ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ | V์˜ ์Œ๋ด‰ ๋ถ„ํฌ. | | | 33 | ์‹๋ณ„ | ์ •ํ™• ๋งค์นญ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒ ์šฐ๋ ค ํ†ต์ œ. | | | 34 | ๋ช…์„ธ | Quartile ๋ถ„์„ + ฯ‡ยฒ ๊ฒ€์ •. | | | 35 | U์žํ˜• | Q4(8.6%) > Q1(5.7%) > Q2(2.9%). | `[[๐Ÿ–ผ๏ธU_S3_ushape]]` `[[๐Ÿ—„๏ธU_S3_quartile]]` | | 36 | Trap | **Modal V Trap Rate = 25.6%**. | `[[๐Ÿ–ผ๏ธU_S3_trap]]` `[[๐Ÿ—„๏ธU_S3_chisq]]` | | 37 | ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ | Mobileye, Tesla, Better Place. | | ### Section 4: Discussion (ยถ38-42) โ†’ File: `[[section4(u)]]` | ยถ | Role | First Sentence | |:-:|:-----|:---------------| | 38 | ๊ณตํ—Œ 1 | ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด: ์ •๋ฐ€์„ฑ์€ Analyst ๋งค์นญ ์‹œ์—๋งŒ ์œ ํšจ. | | 39 | ๊ณตํ—Œ 2 | ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ U์žํ˜• ์ •ํ˜•ํ™”๋œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ฌธ์„œํ™”. | | 40 | ๊ณตํ—Œ 3 | ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ง€์นจ: **"ํ˜ผํƒํ•œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ผ."** | | 41 | ํ•œ๊ณ„ | ์–ธ์–ด์  ๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ ๋ฏธํฌ์ฐฉ; ๋‹ค์ฐจ์› ์ง€ํ‘œ ํ•„์š”. | | 42 | ๊ฒฐ๋ก  | ์ •๋ฐ€๋„์™€ ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์œ ํ˜• ๊ฐ„ **์ „๋žต์  ์ •๋ ฌ**์ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ. | --- ## ๐Ÿ–ผ๏ธ LIST OF FIGURES | # | Module | Caption | Page | |:-:|:-------|:--------|:----:| | U.1 | `[[๐Ÿ–ผ๏ธU_S3_ushape]]` | U-Shaped Survival Pattern by Initial Vagueness | TBD | | U.2 | `[[๐Ÿ–ผ๏ธU_S3_trap]]` | Commitment Trap Rate by Vagueness Level | TBD | --- ## ๐Ÿ—„๏ธ LIST OF TABLES | # | Module | Caption | Page | |:-:|:-------|:--------|:----:| | U.1 | `[[๐Ÿ—„๏ธU_S3_quartile]]` | Survival Rates by Vagueness Quartile | TBD | | U.2 | `[[๐Ÿ—„๏ธU_S3_chisq]]` | U-Shape Statistical Tests | TBD | --- ## ๐Ÿ“Š KEY NUMBERS (from [[๐Ÿ“ขBULLETIN]]) | Metric | Value | |:-------|:------| | Sample Size | **408,784** | | Q1 Survival | 5.7% | | Q4 Survival | 8.6% | | Modal V Trap Rate | **25.6%** | | ฯ‡ยฒ (Transportation) | 1430.9*** | --- *Paper U managed by ๐ŸŸ G + ๐ŸŸขJ* *Verified by ๐Ÿ”ดK*