# Paper U: Vague Promise and Venture Growth
## Table of Contents with Abstract, Figures, Tables
**Source of Truth:** `[[๐ขBULLETIN]]`
**Registry:** `[[๐๏ธREGISTRY]]`
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## ๐ ABSTRACT
When is vagueness valuable despite signaling theory's precision prescription? Analyzing **408,784 technology ventures** across four industries, we document a robust **U-shaped relationship** between promise vagueness ($V$) and long-term survival. Contrary to the monotonic prediction of signaling theory, we find that both highly precise and highly vague promises outperform intermediate positioningโthe "Murky Middle" shows the lowest survival rates.
We propose an **audience segmentation mechanism**: "Analyst" investors verify precise claims (optimal at Low $V$), while "Believer" investors project their own vision onto abstract promises (optimal at High $V$). The Murky Middle fails because it is too vague for Analysts to verify yet too specific for Believers to project. Our Modal $V$ (=87.5) group exhibits the highest commitment trap rate at **25.6%**, compared to just **9.5%** for High-$V$ ventures.
These findings establish boundary conditions for signaling theory and provide actionable guidance: founders should **choose a playbook**, not tune a dialโcommit fully to either the Analyst or Believer channel, never the murky middle.
**Keywords:** Strategic Ambiguity, Signaling Theory, Audience Segmentation, U-Shape, Venture Growth
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## ๐ TABLE OF CONTENTS
### Section 1: Introduction (ยถ11-17)
โ File: `[[section1(u)]]`
| ยถ | Role | First Sentence |
|:-:|:-----|:---------------|
| 11 | ๐ฟ ๋ณต์ | ์ ํธ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ ๋ฐํ ์ฝ์์ด ์ ๋ณด ๋น๋์นญ์ ์ค์ธ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค (Spence 1973). |
| 12 | ๐งฉ ํผ์ฆ | ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ 408,784๊ฐ ๋ฒค์ฒ ์ค **U์ํ ํจํด**: ๊ทน๋จ์ด ์์กด, ์ค๊ฐ์ด ์ฌ๋ง. |
| 13 | ๐ฎ RQ | ์ ํธ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ฑ ์ฒ๋ฐฉ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ **๋ชจํธํจ์ด ์ธ์ ๊ฐ์น ์๋๊ฐ?** |
| 14 | ๐ ๋ ์ฆ | ์ฒญ์ค ์ธ๋ถํ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ: Analyst vs Believer. |
| 15 | ๐ ํด๋ฒ | ๋ ๊ฒฝ๋ก: ์ ๋ฐํ Analyst ์ฑ๋ vs ๋ชจํธํ Believer ์ฑ๋. |
| 16 | ๐บ๏ธ ์ธ์ | Guzman & Stern (2020), Cao et al.๊ณผ์ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ . |
| 17 | ๐๏ธ ๋ก๋๋งต | 2์ ์ด๋ก , 3์ ์ค์ฆ, 4์ ๋
ผ์. |
### Section 2: Theory (ยถ18-26)
โ File: `[[section2(u)]]`
| ยถ | Role | First Sentence |
|:-:|:-----|:---------------|
| 18 | ๋ฌธํ: ์ ํธ | Spence (1973)์ ์ ํธ ์ด๋ก โ Hโ: ์ ๋ฐ์ฑ์ด ํญ์ ์ข๋ค. |
| 19 | ๋ฌธํ: ๋ชจํธ์ฑ | Eisenberg (1984)์ ์ ๋ต์ ๋ชจํธ์ฑ ๊ฐ๋
. |
| 20 | ๋ฌธํ: ์ต์
| Bolton & Faure-Grimaud (2010)์ ์ค๋ฌผ์ต์
ํ๋ ์์ํฌ. |
| 21 | ๊ฐญ | ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฌธํ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋-์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ **๋จ์กฐ ๊ด๊ณ**๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ . |
| 22 | ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ: Analyst | Analyst ํฌ์์: ๊ฒ์ฆ โ ๋ฎ์ V ์ ํธ. |
| 23 | ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ: Believer | Believer ํฌ์์: ํฌ์ โ ๋์ V ์ ํธ. |
| 24 | ๊ณ๋ณด: Bolton | sโ โ V์ ๋ํ ๋งคํ. |
| 25 | ๋ชจ๋ธ | G = ฮฑ + ฮฒโV + ฮฒโVยฒ โ U์ํ ์์ธก. |
| 26 | ๊ฐ์ค | Hโ: ฮฒGV < 0 vs Hโ: ฮฒโ > 0. |
### Section 3: Empirics (ยถ27-37)
โ File: `[[section3(u)]]`
| ยถ | Role | First Sentence | Asset |
|:-:|:-----|:---------------|:------|
| 27 | ๋งฅ๋ฝ | PitchBook ๋ฐ์ดํฐ, 2005-2023. | |
| 28 | ํ๋ณธ | **N = 408,784** ๋ฒค์ฒ (4๊ฐ ์ฐ์
). | |
| 29 | DV | ์ฑ์ฅ(G) = Series C ์ด์ ๋๋ฌ ์ฌ๋ถ. | |
| 30 | IV | ๋ชจํธ์ฑ(V) = ์์ฅ ์นดํ
๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ํญ [0-100]. | |
| 31 | ํต์ | ์ฐ์
, ์ค๋ฆฝ์ฐ๋, ์ด๊ธฐ ๋ผ์ด๋ ๊ท๋ชจ. | |
| 32 | ๊ธฐ์ ํต๊ณ | V์ ์๋ด ๋ถํฌ. | |
| 33 | ์๋ณ | ์ ํ ๋งค์นญ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ ์ฐ๋ ค ํต์ . | |
| 34 | ๋ช
์ธ | Quartile ๋ถ์ + ฯยฒ ๊ฒ์ . | |
| 35 | U์ํ | Q4(8.6%) > Q1(5.7%) > Q2(2.9%). | `[[๐ผ๏ธU_S3_ushape]]` `[[๐๏ธU_S3_quartile]]` |
| 36 | Trap | **Modal V Trap Rate = 25.6%**. | `[[๐ผ๏ธU_S3_trap]]` `[[๐๏ธU_S3_chisq]]` |
| 37 | ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ | Mobileye, Tesla, Better Place. | |
### Section 4: Discussion (ยถ38-42)
โ File: `[[section4(u)]]`
| ยถ | Role | First Sentence |
|:-:|:-----|:---------------|
| 38 | ๊ณตํ 1 | ์ ํธ ์ด๋ก ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์กฐ๊ฑด: ์ ๋ฐ์ฑ์ Analyst ๋งค์นญ ์์๋ง ์ ํจ. |
| 39 | ๊ณตํ 2 | ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ U์ํ ์ ํํ๋ ์ฌ์ค ๋ฌธ์ํ. |
| 40 | ๊ณตํ 3 | ์คํ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ง์นจ: **"ํผํํ ์ค๊ฐ์ ํผํ๋ผ."** |
| 41 | ํ๊ณ | ์ธ์ด์ ๋ชจํธ์ฑ ๋ฏธํฌ์ฐฉ; ๋ค์ฐจ์ ์งํ ํ์. |
| 42 | ๊ฒฐ๋ก | ์ ๋ฐ๋์ ํฌ์์ ์ ํ ๊ฐ **์ ๋ต์ ์ ๋ ฌ**์ด ํต์ฌ. |
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## ๐ผ๏ธ LIST OF FIGURES
| # | Module | Caption | Page |
|:-:|:-------|:--------|:----:|
| U.1 | `[[๐ผ๏ธU_S3_ushape]]` | U-Shaped Survival Pattern by Initial Vagueness | TBD |
| U.2 | `[[๐ผ๏ธU_S3_trap]]` | Commitment Trap Rate by Vagueness Level | TBD |
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## ๐๏ธ LIST OF TABLES
| # | Module | Caption | Page |
|:-:|:-------|:--------|:----:|
| U.1 | `[[๐๏ธU_S3_quartile]]` | Survival Rates by Vagueness Quartile | TBD |
| U.2 | `[[๐๏ธU_S3_chisq]]` | U-Shape Statistical Tests | TBD |
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## ๐ KEY NUMBERS (from [[๐ขBULLETIN]])
| Metric | Value |
|:-------|:------|
| Sample Size | **408,784** |
| Q1 Survival | 5.7% |
| Q4 Survival | 8.6% |
| Modal V Trap Rate | **25.6%** |
| ฯยฒ (Transportation) | 1430.9*** |
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