``` Vagueness = 100 - Certitude_Score ``` **Where:** - `Certitude_Score` = % of words from LIWC "certitude" dictionary - Certitude words express: clarity, specificity, resoluteness, definiteness - Examples: "always", "never", "certainly", "definitely", "complete", "entirely" **Calculation:** 1. Run pitch text through LIWC software 2. LIWC counts words matching certitude dictionary 3. Certitude_Score = (certitude_words / total_words) × 100 4. Vagueness = 100 - Certitude_Score 5. Rescale to start near zero **Interpretation:** - Higher score = more vague language - Lower score = more certain/precise language **For your regression:** ```R # Using LIWC output Vagueness = 100 - liwc$certitude ``` **Example:** - Pitch with 5% certitude words → Vagueness = 95 - Pitch with 8% certitude words → Vagueness = 92 (less vague)